Looking for:
Vaginal floraVaginal flora.How Deep Is a Vagina? And 10 Other Things You Should Know
- What is vaginal flora? Does it affect fertility?
Vaginal flora. What is vaginal flora? Does it affect fertility?
To guide treatment, it is helpful to consider whether a patient has recurrent infections and whether the etiology may be a nonalbicans species of Candida. For patients with severe vulvovaginal candidiasis, a second dose of fluconazole given three days after the first dose has been shown to achieve significant improvement in short-term symptoms as well as prevent recurrence at 35 days.
A second dose did not have significant effects for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. For recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida albicans , initial intensive therapy with fluconazole for seven to 14 days i. If severe or recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis does not respond to initial treatment, culture may guide therapy when nonalbicans species are identified.
Infections with nonalbicans species are less responsive to fluconazole. Topical imidazoles i. Other nonpharmacologic regimens have been proposed for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. A meta-analysis did not demonstrate clear evidence for probiotics in the treatment of candidal vaginitis; however, more studies are needed because of small study size and varied probiotic regimens. Treatment of trichomoniasis can decrease symptoms and reduce transmission to partners.
In addition, in persons with HIV infection, treatment of trichomoniasis may also decrease HIV transmission rates to partners.
Although first-line therapy for trichomoniasis in pregnant and nonpregnant women is a single 2-g dose of metronidazole, patients with HIV infection treated with a seven-day course of metronidazole had lower rates of infection at test of cure and lower rates of reinfection at three months.
Metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis, which would require tinidazole, is rare. Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy. Trichomoniasis has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm birth. Treatment of noninfectious vaginitis should be directed at the underlying cause. Atrophic vaginitis is treated with hormonal and nonhormonal therapies. Among hormonal therapies, low-dose vaginal estrogen preparations are available in creams, tablets, and rings.
Systemic estrogen therapies are also available for patients with vasomotor symptoms. More research is needed to better characterize the cause and treatment of inflammatory vaginitis. Some studies have demonstrated improvement in symptoms with application of topical clindamycin or steroids; however, the ideal duration of treatment and superiority of one agent over the other have not been established. This article updates previous articles on this topic by Hainer and Gibson , 14 Owen and Clenney , 69 and Egan and Lipsky.
Data Sources: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane database, and the National Guideline Clearinghouse for vaginitis topics, and retrieved relevant references from review articles and clinical guidelines.
Search terms included vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, Candida , and Trichomonas. We also included the literature review from Essential Evidence Plus. Search dates: October and April This content is owned by the AAFP.
A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference.
This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Office-based or laboratory testing should be used with the history and physical examination findings to make the diagnosis. C 10 — 12 Do not obtain culture for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis because it represents a polymicrobial infection.
C 9 Nucleic acid amplification testing is recommended for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in symptomatic or high-risk women. C 9 Treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy improves symptoms but does not reduce the risk of preterm birth.
A 44 , 45 In nonpregnant women, oral and vaginal treatment options for uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis have similar clinical cure rates. General Diagnostic Considerations. Vaginal epithelial cells with borders obscured by adherent coccobacilli visible on saline wet-mount preparation. Am Fam Physician. Budding yeast visible arrow. Consider culture to exclude nonalbicans infection.
If nonalbicans infection is present, consider first-line therapy with seven to 14 days of a nonfluconazole azole agent. If infection recurs, prescribe mg of boric acid in a gelatin capsule intravaginally once daily for two weeks.
Boric acid may also be used with initial induction therapy followed by monthly maintenance therapy for recurrent albicans infection per the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada recommendations. When vaginal wet-mount preparation is promptly examined, motile trichomonads with flagella slightly larger than a leukocyte may be visible arrow.
Your doctor can prescribe medication to help treat the smell and underlying condition. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
Some people still consider vaginal health a taboo subject. The vagina and vulva are important but often misunderstood parts of the human body. Researchers say women who've had preeclampsia are at higher risk of heart attack and strokes even 20 years after their pregnancy.
Retail pharmacies will now be able to fill prescriptions for mifepristone, the first of two medications taken for medication abortions. There are two…. Polyps and fibroids may sometimes have similar symptoms, but they're different conditions. Treatment will depend on your diagnosis and the severity of…. Researchers say a simple blood test may be able to detect pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, allowing treatments…. Retail pharmacies will now be able to dispense abortion pills to people with a prescription, the Food and Drug Administration FDA revealed on….
Researchers say there are a number of warning signs for sudden cardiac arrest. Experts also say women are less likely to survive this type of heart….
How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. How Deep Is a Vagina? Medically reviewed by Janet Brito, Ph.
Length Arousal Childbirth Stretch Kegels Clitoris Overall appearance Darker genitals Pubic hair Douching Odor Takeaway Most vaginas are roughly as deep as the length of your hand, but they can change shape in certain situations.
How long is the vaginal canal? How does it stretch for childbirth? Should I be doing Kegels? Does the clitoris get bigger, too?
Do all lady parts look the same? If you have pain in your genital area, discuss it with your doctor or ask for a referral to a gynecologist. It's important to have your doctor rule out more easily treatable causes of vulvar pain — for instance, yeast or bacterial infections, herpes, precancerous skin conditions, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, and medical problems such as diabetes.
It's also important not to repeatedly use over-the-counter treatments for yeast infections without seeing your doctor. Once your doctor has evaluated your symptoms, he or she can recommend treatments or ways to help you manage your pain. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID, plus expertise on managing health.
Error Email field is required. Error Include a valid email address. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you.
If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.
You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Because it can be painful and frustrating and can keep you from wanting sex, vulvodynia can cause emotional problems. For example, fear of having sex can cause spasms in the muscles around your vagina vaginismus. Other complications might include:. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
No comments:
Post a Comment